How Does Nos Work In A Car? Nitrous oxide systems offer a significant performance boost, increasing horsepower and acceleration. At CARS.EDU.VN, we explain how these systems function, covering everything from nitrous injection to combustion enhancement for optimal automotive performance. Unlock potential and explore performance upgrades.
1. Understanding Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in Automotive Performance
Nitrous oxide, commonly referred to as NOS, is a chemical compound with the formula N2O. It’s an oxidizer that, when used in an internal combustion engine, can significantly boost its power output. Understanding how NOS achieves this involves understanding the basic principles of engine operation and the chemical properties of nitrous oxide.
1.1 The Role of Oxygen in Combustion
Internal combustion engines work by burning fuel (typically gasoline or diesel) with an oxidizer, which is usually air. Air is composed of approximately 21% oxygen, which is the component that supports combustion. The more oxygen available during combustion, the more fuel can be burned, and the greater the energy released, resulting in increased power.
1.2 Nitrous Oxide as an Oxidizer
Nitrous oxide contains more oxygen by weight than air does. When heated to approximately 572°F (300°C) inside the engine’s combustion chamber, nitrous oxide decomposes into nitrogen and oxygen. This process releases extra oxygen, allowing the engine to burn more fuel than it could with air alone. This increased combustion generates more pressure inside the cylinders, which in turn produces more horsepower. According to a study by SAE International, engines using nitrous oxide can see a horsepower increase of 20% to 50% or more, depending on the system and engine tuning.
1.3 Key Chemical Properties of N2O
- High Oxygen Content: N2O contains 36% oxygen by weight, compared to air’s 21%.
- Cooling Effect: As N2O changes from liquid to gas, it cools the intake charge, increasing its density and further enhancing combustion.
- Decomposition: At high temperatures, N2O breaks down into nitrogen and oxygen, providing a surplus of oxygen for combustion.
2. Components of a Nitrous Oxide System
A nitrous oxide system is composed of several key components that work together to safely and effectively deliver nitrous oxide to the engine. Each component plays a crucial role in the system’s overall performance and reliability.
2.1 Nitrous Oxide Tank
The nitrous oxide tank stores liquid N2O under high pressure, typically around 750 to 1000 PSI. These tanks are made from high-strength aluminum or steel to withstand the pressure. Safety features, such as a pressure relief valve, are included to prevent explosions in case of over-pressurization. Tank sizes vary, with common sizes ranging from 2.5 lbs to 20 lbs, depending on the application and desired duration of nitrous use.
Alt text: Nitrous oxide tank made of high-strength material with pressure release valve.
2.2 Solenoids and Delivery Lines
Solenoids are electrically operated valves that control the flow of nitrous oxide and, in some systems, additional fuel. They open and close rapidly in response to an electrical signal, allowing precise metering of nitrous and fuel. Delivery lines, typically made from stainless steel or reinforced rubber, transport the nitrous oxide and fuel from the tanks to the engine. These lines must be able to withstand high pressures and resist corrosion.
2.3 Nozzle or Plate
The nozzle or plate is where the nitrous oxide (and fuel, in wet systems) is injected into the engine’s intake stream. There are two primary types of injection methods:
- Nozzle Systems: Inject nitrous directly into the intake manifold or individual runners. This method provides precise control and distribution of nitrous.
- Plate Systems: Use a plate mounted between the throttle body and intake manifold. The plate has multiple small holes that spray nitrous into the intake stream, providing a more even distribution.
2.4 Activation Switch
The activation switch allows the driver to control when the nitrous oxide is injected. These can range from simple toggle switches to sophisticated electronic controllers. Common activation methods include:
- Throttle Position Switch: Activates the nitrous system when the throttle reaches a certain percentage of its full range.
- RPM Window Switch: Activates the system only within a specific RPM range, preventing activation at low RPMs or over-revving.
- Manual Push Button: Gives the driver complete control over when the nitrous is activated.
2.5 Pressure Gauge and Bottle Heater
A pressure gauge monitors the pressure inside the nitrous oxide tank, ensuring it remains within the optimal range for operation. Nitrous oxide pressure is temperature-dependent; a bottle heater is used to maintain consistent pressure, especially in colder conditions. Maintaining the correct pressure ensures consistent nitrous flow and performance.
2.6 Purge Valve
The purge valve is used to release nitrous oxide from the delivery lines before it enters the engine. This removes air pockets and ensures that the nitrous system is primed and ready to deliver a consistent and powerful boost when activated. Purging is particularly important in systems with long delivery lines.
Component Summary
| Component | Function | Material |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrous Oxide Tank | Stores liquid N2O under high pressure | Aluminum or Steel |
| Solenoids | Controls the flow of nitrous oxide and fuel | Electrically Operated |
| Delivery Lines | Transports nitrous oxide and fuel from tanks to engine | Stainless Steel, Rubber |
| Nozzle/Plate | Injects nitrous oxide (and fuel) into the intake stream | Varies |
| Activation Switch | Controls when the nitrous oxide is injected | Electrical |
| Pressure Gauge | Monitors pressure inside the nitrous oxide tank | Analog or Digital |
| Bottle Heater | Maintains consistent nitrous oxide pressure | Electrical |
| Purge Valve | Releases nitrous oxide from delivery lines to remove air pockets | Electrically Operated |
3. Types of Nitrous Oxide Systems
Nitrous oxide systems are categorized into several types based on how they deliver nitrous oxide and fuel to the engine. The choice of system depends on factors such as the engine type, desired power increase, and budget.
3.1 Dry Nitrous Systems
In a dry nitrous system, only nitrous oxide is injected into the intake stream. The engine’s existing fuel injectors must supply the additional fuel needed for combustion. This type of system relies on the engine’s computer (ECU) to detect the increased airflow and add more fuel accordingly.
Advantages:
- Simpler installation compared to wet systems.
- Lower initial cost.
Disadvantages:
- Relies heavily on the engine’s ECU for proper fuel delivery.
- Can lead to a lean condition if the ECU cannot provide enough fuel.
- Limited power increase potential.
3.2 Wet Nitrous Systems
Wet nitrous systems inject both nitrous oxide and additional fuel into the intake stream. This ensures that the engine receives the correct air-fuel ratio when the nitrous is activated. Wet systems use a separate fuel solenoid and delivery line to provide the extra fuel.
Advantages:
- More precise control over air-fuel ratio.
- Safer for the engine compared to dry systems.
- Higher power increase potential.
Disadvantages:
- More complex installation.
- Higher initial cost.
3.3 Direct Port Injection Systems
Direct port injection systems inject nitrous oxide and fuel directly into each intake runner, close to the intake valve. This provides the most precise control over fuel and nitrous delivery, resulting in maximum power and even distribution across all cylinders.
Advantages:
- Maximum power increase potential.
- Even distribution of nitrous and fuel to each cylinder.
- Reduced risk of uneven cylinder combustion.
Disadvantages:
- Most complex and expensive system to install.
- Requires significant engine modifications.
3.4 Progressive Nitrous Controllers
Progressive nitrous controllers allow for a gradual increase in nitrous flow, rather than an abrupt surge. This can improve traction and reduce the risk of engine damage. These controllers use electronic circuits to modulate the nitrous solenoid, gradually increasing the amount of nitrous injected over time.
Advantages:
- Improved traction and drivability.
- Reduced stress on engine components.
- Customizable nitrous delivery curves.
Disadvantages:
- Additional cost and complexity.
- Requires careful tuning and adjustment.
Nitrous System Comparison
| System Type | Injection Method | Fuel Delivery | Power Increase Potential | Complexity | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry Nitrous | Nitrous only into intake stream | ECU must provide extra fuel | Low | Simple | Low |
| Wet Nitrous | Nitrous and fuel into intake stream | Separate fuel solenoid | Medium | Medium | Medium |
| Direct Port Injection | Nitrous and fuel into each intake runner | Individual injectors | High | Complex | High |
| Progressive Nitrous Control | Modulated nitrous flow | Varies | Variable | Medium | Medium |
4. How Nitrous Oxide Increases Horsepower
Nitrous oxide increases horsepower through a combination of increased oxygen availability and a cooling effect on the intake charge. These factors lead to more efficient combustion and greater power output.
4.1 Increased Oxygen Availability
As mentioned earlier, nitrous oxide contains more oxygen by weight than air. When it decomposes in the combustion chamber, it releases this extra oxygen, allowing the engine to burn more fuel. The chemical reaction is as follows:
2 N2O → 2 N2 + O2
This additional oxygen enables the engine to burn more fuel per combustion cycle, resulting in a larger and more powerful explosion. The increased pressure from this explosion pushes the piston down with greater force, increasing the engine’s torque and horsepower.
4.2 Cooling Effect on Intake Charge
When liquid nitrous oxide is injected into the intake stream, it undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas. This process absorbs heat from the surrounding air, cooling the intake charge. Cooler air is denser, meaning it contains more oxygen molecules per unit volume. This denser, oxygen-rich air further enhances combustion when combined with the extra oxygen released from the nitrous oxide.
4.3 Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio
Maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio is crucial when using nitrous oxide. The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for gasoline is 14.7:1, meaning 14.7 parts of air are required to burn one part of fuel completely. When nitrous oxide is used, the amount of fuel must be increased to match the extra oxygen. A wet nitrous system ensures that the correct air-fuel ratio is maintained by injecting additional fuel along with the nitrous oxide.
4.4 Effects on Engine Performance
The combination of increased oxygen availability and a cooler, denser intake charge results in several beneficial effects on engine performance:
- Increased Horsepower: More fuel is burned per combustion cycle, resulting in a significant increase in horsepower.
- Increased Torque: The greater pressure inside the cylinders produces more torque, improving acceleration and pulling power.
- Improved Throttle Response: The engine responds more quickly to throttle inputs due to the increased combustion efficiency.
Horsepower Increase Factors
| Factor | Description | Impact on Horsepower |
|---|---|---|
| Increased Oxygen Availability | N2O provides more oxygen for combustion | Significant |
| Cooling Effect | N2O cools the intake charge, increasing air density | Moderate |
| Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio | Maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio ensures complete combustion | Critical |
| Improved Combustion | More efficient combustion leads to greater energy release | Significant |
5. Safety Considerations When Using Nitrous Oxide
While nitrous oxide can provide a significant performance boost, it is essential to use it safely to prevent engine damage or other hazards.
5.1 Proper Installation
The nitrous oxide system should be installed by a qualified technician who is familiar with the specific requirements of your vehicle. Improper installation can lead to leaks, malfunctions, or even explosions. Ensure that all components are properly connected and that the system is tested for leaks before use.
5.2 Correct Air-Fuel Ratio
Maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio is critical when using nitrous oxide. A lean condition (too much air, not enough fuel) can cause detonation or pre-ignition, which can severely damage the engine. A wet nitrous system or proper tuning of the engine’s ECU can help ensure that the correct air-fuel ratio is maintained.
5.3 Cylinder Pressure Limits
Exceeding the engine’s cylinder pressure limits can cause damage to pistons, connecting rods, or other engine components. Use a nitrous system that is appropriately sized for your engine and avoid using excessive amounts of nitrous. Consider using forged internal components, which are stronger and more resistant to high pressures.
5.4 Nozzle Placement
The placement of the nitrous nozzle or plate is important for even distribution of nitrous and fuel. Improper placement can lead to uneven cylinder combustion or hotspots, which can damage the engine. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for nozzle placement and ensure that all cylinders receive an equal amount of nitrous and fuel.
5.5 Monitoring and Maintenance
Regularly monitor the nitrous system for leaks or malfunctions. Check the pressure gauge to ensure that the tank pressure is within the recommended range. Inspect the delivery lines and solenoids for any signs of damage or wear. Replace any worn or damaged components promptly.
5.6 Reputable Brands
When choosing a nitrous oxide system, select a reputable brand with a proven track record of safety and reliability. Research different brands and read reviews from other users to get an idea of their quality and performance.
Safety Checklist
| Safety Aspect | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Installation | Professional installation by a qualified technician |
| Air-Fuel Ratio | Maintain correct air-fuel ratio to prevent lean conditions |
| Cylinder Pressure | Avoid exceeding engine’s cylinder pressure limits |
| Nozzle Placement | Ensure proper nozzle placement for even distribution |
| Monitoring/Maintenance | Regularly monitor and maintain the nitrous system |
| Reputable Brands | Choose reputable brands with proven safety records |
6. Tuning and Optimization of Nitrous Oxide Systems
Proper tuning and optimization are essential for maximizing the performance benefits of a nitrous oxide system while minimizing the risk of engine damage.
6.1 Dyno Tuning
Dyno tuning involves running the engine on a dynamometer to measure its horsepower and torque output under various conditions. This allows the tuner to make precise adjustments to the fuel and ignition settings to optimize performance when the nitrous is activated. Dyno tuning is the most accurate way to ensure that the engine is running safely and efficiently.
6.2 Air-Fuel Ratio Monitoring
Using a wideband air-fuel ratio gauge allows you to monitor the air-fuel ratio in real-time. This is crucial for ensuring that the engine is not running too lean or too rich when the nitrous is activated. Adjust the fuel settings as needed to maintain the correct air-fuel ratio.
6.3 Ignition Timing Retard
When nitrous oxide is used, it is often necessary to retard the ignition timing to prevent detonation or pre-ignition. The amount of timing retard depends on the amount of nitrous used and the engine’s compression ratio. Consult with a qualified tuner to determine the appropriate amount of timing retard for your engine.
6.4 Spark Plug Selection
Using the correct spark plugs is important for reliable ignition when using nitrous oxide. Colder spark plugs (plugs with a higher heat range) are often recommended to prevent pre-ignition. Consult with a spark plug manufacturer or a qualified tuner to determine the best spark plugs for your application.
6.5 Fuel System Upgrades
Depending on the amount of nitrous used, it may be necessary to upgrade the fuel system to ensure that it can supply enough fuel to the engine. This may involve upgrading the fuel pump, fuel injectors, or fuel lines. Consult with a fuel system specialist to determine what upgrades are necessary for your application.
6.6 Data Logging
Using a data logger allows you to record various engine parameters, such as RPM, throttle position, air-fuel ratio, and ignition timing. This data can be analyzed to identify any potential problems and to optimize the tuning of the nitrous system.
Tuning and Optimization Tips
| Tuning Aspect | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Dyno Tuning | Use a dynamometer to make precise adjustments to fuel and ignition settings |
| Air-Fuel Ratio | Monitor air-fuel ratio in real-time using a wideband gauge |
| Ignition Timing | Retard ignition timing to prevent detonation |
| Spark Plugs | Use colder spark plugs to prevent pre-ignition |
| Fuel System | Upgrade fuel system as needed to supply enough fuel |
| Data Logging | Use a data logger to record engine parameters and optimize tuning |
7. Legal and Regulatory Considerations
The use of nitrous oxide systems is subject to legal and regulatory restrictions in many jurisdictions. It is important to be aware of these restrictions before installing or using a nitrous oxide system.
7.1 Street Use Restrictions
Many states and countries prohibit the use of nitrous oxide systems on public roads. These restrictions are often based on concerns about safety and emissions. Check the laws in your area to determine whether it is legal to use a nitrous oxide system on the street.
7.2 Track Use Regulations
Even if it is not legal to use nitrous oxide on the street, it may be permitted at organized racing events or track days. However, there may still be regulations regarding the type of system that is allowed, the amount of nitrous that can be used, or other safety requirements. Check with the track or racing organization to determine what regulations apply.
7.3 Inspection and Certification
Some jurisdictions may require nitrous oxide systems to be inspected and certified before they can be used. This may involve verifying that the system is properly installed, that it meets certain safety standards, or that it does not exceed certain emissions limits.
7.4 Insurance Implications
Using a nitrous oxide system may affect your vehicle insurance coverage. Some insurance companies may not cover vehicles that are equipped with nitrous oxide systems, or they may charge higher premiums. Check with your insurance company to determine how using a nitrous oxide system will affect your coverage.
Legal and Regulatory Considerations
| Aspect | Consideration |
|---|---|
| Street Use | Check local laws to determine if nitrous oxide is legal for street use |
| Track Use | Check track regulations for nitrous oxide usage |
| Inspection/Certification | Some jurisdictions may require inspection and certification of nitrous oxide systems |
| Insurance | Using nitrous oxide may affect vehicle insurance coverage |
8. Real-World Applications of Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous oxide is used in a variety of applications, ranging from automotive racing to medical procedures.
8.1 Automotive Racing
Nitrous oxide is widely used in drag racing, street racing, and other forms of motorsports to provide a quick and significant boost in horsepower. It is particularly popular in classes where engine modifications are limited, as it can provide a competitive edge without requiring extensive engine work.
8.2 Street Performance
While the street use of nitrous oxide may be restricted in some areas, it is still used by many enthusiasts to improve the performance of their vehicles. Nitrous oxide can provide a noticeable increase in acceleration and throttle response, making it a popular choice for those who want to add some extra excitement to their driving experience.
8.3 Medical Applications
Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic and analgesic in medical procedures. It is commonly used in dental procedures to reduce anxiety and pain. It is also used in some surgical procedures as an adjunct to other anesthetics.
8.4 Industrial Applications
Nitrous oxide is used in various industrial applications, such as a propellant in aerosol cans and as an oxidizer in rocket engines.
Nitrous Oxide Applications
| Application | Description |
|---|---|
| Automotive Racing | Used to provide a quick boost in horsepower in various forms of motorsports |
| Street Performance | Used by enthusiasts to improve vehicle performance |
| Medical | Used as an anesthetic and analgesic in medical procedures |
| Industrial | Used as a propellant in aerosol cans and an oxidizer in rocket engines |
9. Common Myths and Misconceptions About Nitrous Oxide
There are many myths and misconceptions about nitrous oxide that can lead to confusion or unsafe practices.
9.1 Myth: Nitrous Oxide is Explosive
Nitrous oxide itself is not explosive. However, it is an oxidizer that can support the rapid combustion of flammable substances. In the presence of fuel and an ignition source, nitrous oxide can contribute to an explosion. However, with proper safety measures, the risk of an explosion is minimal.
9.2 Myth: Nitrous Oxide Damages Engines
Nitrous oxide can damage engines if it is used improperly. However, with proper installation, tuning, and maintenance, nitrous oxide can be used safely and reliably. Following the manufacturer’s instructions and consulting with a qualified tuner can help minimize the risk of engine damage.
9.3 Myth: More Nitrous is Always Better
Using excessive amounts of nitrous oxide can lead to engine damage. It is important to use a nitrous system that is appropriately sized for your engine and to avoid exceeding the engine’s cylinder pressure limits. Using a progressive nitrous controller can help prevent sudden surges in nitrous flow and reduce the risk of engine damage.
9.4 Myth: Nitrous Oxide is Only for Racing
While nitrous oxide is widely used in racing, it can also be used in street vehicles to improve performance. However, it is important to be aware of the legal and regulatory restrictions in your area before using nitrous oxide on the street.
Debunking Nitrous Oxide Myths
| Myth | Reality |
|---|---|
| Nitrous Oxide is Explosive | Not explosive itself, but can support rapid combustion in the presence of fuel and ignition |
| Nitrous Oxide Damages Engines | Can damage engines if used improperly, but safe with proper installation and tuning |
| More Nitrous is Always Better | Excessive nitrous can damage engines; use appropriately sized systems |
| Nitrous Oxide is Only for Racing | Can be used in street vehicles, but be aware of legal restrictions |
10. The Future of Nitrous Oxide Technology
Nitrous oxide technology continues to evolve, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving its performance, safety, and efficiency.
10.1 Advanced Control Systems
Advanced control systems are being developed to provide more precise control over nitrous delivery. These systems use electronic sensors and controllers to monitor engine parameters and adjust the nitrous flow in real-time, optimizing performance and minimizing the risk of engine damage.
10.2 Improved Nozzle Designs
Improved nozzle designs are being developed to provide more even distribution of nitrous and fuel. These designs use advanced fluid dynamics simulations to optimize the spray pattern and ensure that all cylinders receive an equal amount of nitrous and fuel.
10.3 Alternative Fuels
Research is being conducted on the use of alternative fuels with nitrous oxide systems. These fuels, such as ethanol or methanol, can provide additional performance benefits and reduce emissions.
10.4 Hybrid Nitrous Systems
Hybrid nitrous systems combine nitrous oxide with other performance-enhancing technologies, such as turbochargers or superchargers. These systems can provide even greater performance gains than nitrous oxide alone.
Future Trends in Nitrous Oxide
| Trend | Description |
|---|---|
| Advanced Control Systems | More precise control over nitrous delivery |
| Improved Nozzle Designs | More even distribution of nitrous and fuel |
| Alternative Fuels | Use of fuels like ethanol or methanol with nitrous oxide |
| Hybrid Nitrous Systems | Combining nitrous oxide with turbochargers or superchargers |
Understanding how NOS works in a car involves a grasp of its chemical properties, system components, and safety measures. Proper installation, tuning, and adherence to legal guidelines ensure optimal performance and safety.
Ready to explore more about automotive performance and maintenance? Visit CARS.EDU.VN for in-depth articles, expert advice, and comprehensive guides. Whether you’re seeking reliable repair services, aiming to enhance your vehicle’s performance, or simply staying informed, we’re here to help. Contact us at 456 Auto Drive, Anytown, CA 90210, United States, or reach out via WhatsApp at +1 555-123-4567. Let cars.edu.vn be your trusted resource for all things automotive.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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What is nitrous oxide (N2O) and how does it enhance engine performance?
Nitrous oxide is a chemical compound that contains more oxygen than air. When heated in an engine’s combustion chamber, it decomposes into nitrogen and oxygen, providing extra oxygen to burn more fuel. This leads to increased horsepower and torque.
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What are the main components of a nitrous oxide system in a car?
The main components include a nitrous oxide tank, solenoids, delivery lines, a nozzle or plate for injection, an activation switch, a pressure gauge, a bottle heater, and a purge valve.
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What are the different types of nitrous oxide systems available for cars?
The common types are dry nitrous systems (injecting only N2O), wet nitrous systems (injecting both N2O and fuel), direct port injection systems (injecting N2O and fuel directly into each intake runner), and progressive nitrous controllers (gradually increasing N2O flow).
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How does nitrous oxide increase horsepower in an internal combustion engine?
Nitrous oxide increases horsepower by providing more oxygen for combustion, cooling the intake charge, and maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio. This results in more efficient combustion and greater energy release.
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What safety precautions should be taken when using nitrous oxide in a car?
Safety precautions include proper installation by a qualified technician, maintaining the correct air-fuel ratio, avoiding excessive cylinder pressure, ensuring correct nozzle placement, regularly monitoring and maintaining the system, and choosing reputable brands.
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Can using nitrous oxide damage my car’s engine?
Yes, if used improperly. A lean condition (too much air, not enough fuel) can cause detonation or pre-ignition, severely damaging the engine.
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Is it legal to use nitrous oxide on public roads?
Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of nitrous oxide systems on public roads. Check your local laws and regulations.
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How does dyno tuning optimize a nitrous oxide system in a car?
Dyno tuning involves running the engine on a dynamometer to measure its horsepower and torque output under various conditions. This allows the tuner to make precise adjustments to optimize performance and ensure the engine is running safely.
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What is the role of a bottle heater in a nitrous oxide system?
A bottle heater maintains consistent nitrous oxide pressure, especially in colder conditions, ensuring consistent nitrous flow and performance.
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What is a purge valve and why is it used in a nitrous oxide system?
A purge valve releases nitrous oxide from the delivery lines before it enters the engine, removing air pockets and ensuring that the system is primed for a consistent and powerful boost.
